Not an answer for why bad things happen to good people:

One of the most common questions I’m asked as a rabbi is, “Why do bad things happen to good people?” or some variation of that age-old question. It’s something that bothers people because it is often also very personal. But a more interesting question might be: Why is there evil at all? Why did G-d create it? Why would He allow something that makes life difficult for us to exist?
The roots of this might be found in this week’s Torah portion, where the verse says, “See, I set before you today a blessing and a curse.” G-d tells us that blessing comes from listening to the Torah and mitzvahs, and the curse from rejecting them.
The reason G-d allows evil to exist is so that we can have free choice. If there were no evil, we would not have the ability to choose to do good. We would simply do good as a function of our existence. There would be no virtue or praise for someone who did something good, nor condemnation of someone who chose otherwise.
But this idea goes deeper. When we realize that evil was not created simply to cause us harm, but to give us the opportunity to choose something greater, then even its existence serves a positive purpose and gives us some perspective on why G-d created it. This also gives us the strength not to be deterred by evil. When we know that its existence gives us the opportunity to reject it and choose good, our struggle with it becomes much easier.
Thinking about this has helped me look for the hidden blessings in things I might otherwise immediately see as bad, and pushed me to try to turn those negative things into catalysts for even greater good. 
But perhaps most important are the opening words of the verse: “See, I set before you today.” When we can achieve the mindset that G-d’s words are not just something ancient from the past, but that we can actually “see” that they are actively “before you today,” we will merit G-d’s full blessings for good health, happiness, and prosperity, when all evil will cease to exist with the coming of Moshiach.